They can't (and they won't). The charging rate for lead-acid batteries is largely determined by their current acceptance which varies by state of charge, rather than alternator power and even at a maximum is going to be much less than, say, the 180amp output of an alternator. (which is sized to support battery charging and all other potential simultaneous electrical loads on the vehicle).
That current acceptance is, to some extent, proportional to the battery Ah, so requirement would increase by adding additional battery load. (Though, IMO, in many cases you'd have to add a lot to cause significant problems). Hence the recommendation for a more powerful alternator for uprated/auxiliary batteries.
(Just to note, the current acceptance of a Lithium battery can be much higher across the charge state range, to an extent that it is easily possible to challenge existing wiring, fusing and alternator output. That's why in many circumstances a simple drop-in replacement is not a good idea).
Over the years alternators of various ratings have been available on the Ducato. Perusing current specs for the UK and Germany indicates that 180, 200, and 220 Ah can be specified. The UK "AWE Conversion Pack" for instance, which could/would underpin many conversions, includes the 220Ah Alternator, uprated 105Ah battery, and the converter's socket.
Yes and no. The fusebox on the battery acts as both a concentrator and and isolator for the various circuits. Each circuit is protected by a midi or mega fuse, and properly installed auxiliary batteries should go on a/the 50A fused connection. I would think the mega fuse used to protect the vehicle battery to alternator circuit is sized for the demand from the starter, rather than the charging demand from the alternator as the latter, as per above, is essentially self-limiting.
Well thanks 🙄